Participle + up, out + and other adverbs + noun: bombed-out buildings ironed-on patchĪdjectival phrases + noun (also known as compound modifiers): an over-the-counter drug (no hyphen: her tone was matter of fact) ** See CMOS, 5.92 for more examples and explanations the goal is to avoid confusing the reader. Participle + noun: cutting-edge technology Noun + participle + noun: a rain-soaked day Noun + two-function noun: writer-director player-coach Noun + gerund (sometimes): decision-making bookkeeping Time + noun, in rare instances: the three-thirty flight Large numbers, spelled out (with and without nouns following): seventy-six trombones twenty-seven Ordinal number + superlative + noun: the fourth-largest city in China (no hyphen: he finished third to last) Ordinal number + noun: twelfth-floor penthouse twenty-second row Number + noun, including measurements, weights, heights, and time intervals: a four-foot-eleven gymnast five- or six-minute intervals Money + noun, spelled out: thirty-three million dollars. When writing out fractions: one-half two-thirds a two-thirds majority but not when referring to individual parts divided up or remaining: the final three fourths. to is implied: an east–west route)įraction + noun: a half-mile race a quarter mile Hyphens are used in these compounds:ĭirections on a compass: north-northwest (use en dashes when from. Hyphens are also used to prevent ambiguity or confusion: fast-sailing ship a man-eating shark an elaborate re-creationĬompounds that have only recently entered popular usage are more likely to be hyphenated. Hyphens are used in compounds when the dictionary says so. **For further examples and explanations, see also CMOS, 7.81–89, 5.92–93, and 6.80. When informally writing the mass number of a chemical element: C-14 or carbon-14 To join the Arabic definite article, al, to a noun, Al-Qaeda In some surnames and some first names: Jean-Luc Picard With dates written in ISO standard date format (YYYY-MM-DD): īetween syllables and to break up a word so that it continues on another line To separate non-inclusive numbers like American telephone numbers, social security numbers, ISBNs, order numbers, and product numbers When giving the dimensions of a single entity or a single range, hyphens are used, but there are no spaces or commas: a six-to-ten-year prison sentence With a space (or, in a series, by a comma), when the space is a substitute for a word that will be repeated (e.g., fifteen- and thirty-year mortgages ten-, twenty-, and fifty-dollar bills) To separate letters when a word is spelled out letter by letter (One exception is flimflam, which is not hyphenated.) With alliteration: lend-lease flip-flop tic-tac-toe Rhyming reduplication: hoity-toity handy-dandy super-duperĪblaut reduplication (high vowel-low vowel): chit-chat knick-knack splish-splash With many compounds, and with parts of speech and specific terms, if the dictionary says so.
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